Giant Evergreen-chinkapin

The Chrysolepis Chrysophylla is commonly known as Chinkapin, Chinquapin, Giant Chinkapin, Giant Chinquapin, Giant Evergreen Chinkapin, Giant Evergreen-chinkapin, Golden Chinkapin, Goldenleaf Chestnut, as well as Western Chinkapin

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Growing Regions

Giant chinquapin is restricted to the Pacific Coast region, occurring from central California to west-central Washington [32,44,51].  Giant chinquapin is most abundant in the coastal mountain ranges of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon.  It is also common throughout most of western Oregon, extending eastward along the southern end of the Cascade Range into southeastern Oregon and as far north as the Columbia River gorge [1,18,64].  Several disjunct populations occur in western Washington in the vicinity of Puget Sound [1,42]. Giant chinquapin trees range primarily from San Francisco Bay northward [19].  Shrubby ecotypes of giant chinquapin make up the entire southern portion of the species distribution from Marin County south to the Santa Lucia Mountains in Monterey County [18,25,69].  Shrubby growth forms also occur throughout the range of the species in southern Oregon and northern California [51].  Disjunct populations of both trees and shrubs grow locally on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada in central California [25,55].

     

General Information

The currently accepted scientific name of giant chinquapin is Chrysolepis chrysophylla (Hook.) Hjelmqv. [34]. Giant chinquapin is closely related to members of the chestnut genus (Castanea). It was formerly included within the genus Castanopsis [32,39,44], which includes the Asiatic evergreen trees and shrubs, but most authorities now place the two North American chinquapin species, C. chrysophylla and C. sempervirens (bush chinquapin), in the segregate genus Chrysolepis [34]. Giant chinquapin develops a number of shrubby ecotypes which intergrade with treelike growth forms [40]. Differences in form are currently thought to reflect site conditions rather than genetic differences [40,54,55]. Consequently, the shrubby variety (var. minor), commonly known as golden or shrub chinquapin [33,51], is no longer recognized as a separate entity [39]. The shrub Sierra chinquapin (C. sempervirens) hybridizes with shrubby ecotypes of C. chrysophylla in areas where their ranges overlap [25].

Self-perpetuating stands of giant chinquapin are indicative of climax
conditions in a number of communities within redwood (Sequoia
sempervirens), mixed evergreen, mixed conifer, white fir (Abies
concolor), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and Shasta red fir
(Abies magnifica var. shastensis) forests [18,36,56,63,66].  Giant
chinquapin may occur as either a subdominant tree or a dominant
understory shrub, depending upon moisture conditions, elevation, and
overstory density [40,42].

In the absence of fire, giant chinquapin is the potential climax
dominant at upper elevations of the mixed-evergreen zone in northwestern
California [40].  These communities are associated with mesic north
slopes at the interface of the white fir zone and are currently
dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) [40].  Climax
associates include Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum),
vine maple (Acer circinatum), beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax), and
twinflower (Linnaea borealis).  In the the western Cascades of Oregon,
sites supporting the western hemlock/giant chinquapin habitat type are
only slightly more mesic than those of the western
hemlock-Douglas-fir/oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor) habitat type; the
latter type occupies some of the hottest and driest forested sites in
the western Cascades [14,29,30].  Within this region, the presence of
giant chinquapin often indicates infertile, droughty soils [2,14,30,71].

Classification schemes listing giant chinquapin as a dominant component
of the vegetation in habitat types (hts), community types (cts), or
plant associations (pas) are presented below:

Area                          Classification        Authority

OR, WA                        general veg. cts      Franklin &
                                                    Dyrness 1973
c OR                          general veg. pas      Volland 1985
s OR: s.Chiloquin & Klamath   general veg. pas      Hopkins 1979
RD, Winema NF
c OR: western Cascades        forest hts, cts       Hawk 1979
                                  pas             
c OR: central Cascades        forest pas, cts       Dyrness, Franklin,
                                                    & Moir 1974
n CA & sw OR: Siskiyou        forest pas            Atzet & Wheeler 1984
Mountain Province
CA                            gen veg. cts          Thorne 1976

• More Giant Evergreen-chinkapin Information

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